List of whistleblowers
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| Year | Image | Name | Organization | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 |  | Peter Buxtun | United States Public Health Service | Exposed the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.[1] |
| 1971 |  | Daniel Ellsberg | State Department | Along with Anthony Russo, leaked the Pentagon Papers, a secret account of the Vietnam War and its pretexts to The New York Times, which revealed endemic practices of deception by previous administrations, and contributed to the erosion of public support for the war. |
| 1971-1981 |  | Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński | Polish Army (during the Warsaw pact) | He passed top secret Warsaw Pact documents to the CIA between 1971 and 1981. These documents included strategic plans regarding the use of nuclear weapons, technical data about the Warsaw Pact armies' tanks and missiles, the whereabouts of anti-aircraft bases in Poland and German Democratic Republic, the methods used to avoid spy satellite detection of Warsaw Pact armies' military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland among others. On May 23, 1984 Kukliński was sentenced to death, in absentia, by a military court in Warsaw. After the fall of communism in Europe, the sentence was changed to 25 years. In 1995 the court cancelled the sentence. The conclusion foollowed that Kuklinski was acting under special circumstances that warranted a higher need |
| 1972 |  | W. Mark Felt | FBI | Known only as Deep Throat until 2005, he leaked information about United States President Richard Nixon's involvement in Watergate.[2] The scandal would eventually lead to the resignation of the president, and prison terms for White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman. |
| 1973 | Stanley Adams | Hoffmann-LaRoche | Discovered evidence of price fixing.[3] He passed the evidence to the European Economic Community, who erroneously leaked Adams' name back to Hoffman-LaRoche. Adams was arrested for industrial espionage by the Swiss government and spent six months in jail. He fought for ten years to clear his name and receive compensation from the EEC. | |
| 1984 | John Michael Gravitt | General Electric | Became the first individual in 40 years to file a qui tam lawsuit under the False Claims Act after the statute had been weakened in 1943.[4] Gravitt, a machinist foreman, sued GE for defrauding the United States Department of Defense when GE began falsely billing for work on the B1 Lancer bomber. Gravitt was laid off following his complaints to supervisors about the discrepancies. The case of Gravitt v. General Electric and Gravitt's deposition to Congress led to federal legislation bolstering the False Claims Act in 1986.[5][6] The amended Act made it easier for whistle-blowers to collect damages. Gravitt's suit proceeded under the 1986 amendments and GE settled the case for a then record $3.5 million.[7] | |
| 1984 | Duncan Edmonds | Canadian Government | Canadian civil servant who reported to his chief, the top Canadian civil servant, that Minister of Defence Robert Coates had visited a West German strip club while on an official mission, with NATO documents in his possession, creating a security risk. Coates was asked to resign from Cabinet by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, who also fired Edmonds and made him persona non grata in government circles.[8] | |
| 1986 |  | Mordechai Vanunu | Israeli nuclear weapons program | Revealed Israel's clandestine nuclear program to the British press. He spent seventeen and a half years in prison as a result, the first eleven of these in solitary confinement. After his release, sanctions were placed on him: among others, he was not allowed to leave Israel or speak to foreigners. The sanctions have been renewed every twelve months. At present, he is appealing a further six-month prison sentence imposed by an Israeli court for having spoken to foreigners and foreign press.[9][10] |
| 1988 | Roland Gibeault | Genisco Technology | Filed a Qui Tam suit against defense subcontractor Genisco Technology Corp. after working under-cover for 18 months with the FBI and DCIS to uncover the company's fraudulent test methods which were being used to pass key components off on the HARM missile. The FBI and DCIS case resulted in a plea-bargained $725,000.00 fine and three Genisco executives were sentenced to federal prison. Gibeault was subsequently fired.[11][12] In 1989, Gibeault and fellow employee Inge Maudal also filed qui tam actions against Genisco's parent company, Texas Instruments.[13] | |
| 1989 | Douglas D. Keeth | United |
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